______ and ______ proposed a general theory of low self-control as the primary cause of all crime and deviance.

a. Hirschi; Gottfredson
b. Gottfredson; Sampson
c. Sampson; Laub
d. Hirschi; Laub


a. Hirschi; Gottfredson

Criminal Justice

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Although many federal agencies maintain databases to serve their own agents, as well as state and local law enforcement officers, the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) provides access to the most comprehensive set of databases.

Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)

Criminal Justice

A technique in which rewards or punishments are used to alter or change a person's behavior is:

a. behavior modification. b. behavior profiling. c. a reward system. d. positive modification.

Criminal Justice

Actions such as those committed by such officers and various departments may be responsible for what is often referred to as:

a. prejudice. b. racial profiling. c. disparity. d. discrimination. e. none of these.

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When behavior is punished, this is referred to as:

A) ?direct conditioning. B) ?reconditioning. C) ?labeling reinforcement. D) ?negative reinforcement.

Criminal Justice