In a 1954 paper summarizing studies that had compared clinical and statistical prediction, Meehl observed that statistical predictions often were made on the same data from which the regression equations were developed. In other words, the efficiency of the formulas __________ because they __________,

a. was overestimated; were not cross-validated.
b. was overestimated; did not fit the data.
c. was underestimated; were not cross-validated.
d. was underestimated; did not fit the data.


A

Psychology

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