Which of the following is not one of the ideas contributed to the criminological literature by labeling theory?
a. Deviant individuals achieve their status by virtue of social definition
b. Negative self-images follow from processing by the formal criminal justice system
c. Deviance is the consequence of a quality inherent in human activity
d. Labeling by society tends to perpetuate crime
Answer: C
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Indicate whether this statement is true or false.
Why may official data not reflect the true number of girls in gangs?
A. Data may not include females. B. Data include female members of female gangs only. C. Data are based on what male gang members say about female gang members. D. Data only focus on males of a certain cultural region
Crimes defined by public health frequently contemplate a low level of intent, frequently imposing a standard of ___________
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word.
_____________ is the most common correctional treatment
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word