Which of the following is not one of the ideas contributed to the criminological literature by labeling theory?

a. Deviant individuals achieve their status by virtue of social definition
b. Negative self-images follow from processing by the formal criminal justice system
c. Deviance is the consequence of a quality inherent in human activity
d. Labeling by society tends to perpetuate crime


Answer: C

Criminal Justice

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Why may official data not reflect the true number of girls in gangs?

A. Data may not include females. B. Data include female members of female gangs only. C. Data are based on what male gang members say about female gang members. D. Data only focus on males of a certain cultural region

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If a case involves federal law, it will be tried in federal court

Indicate whether this statement is true or false.

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Crimes defined by public health frequently contemplate a low level of intent, frequently imposing a standard of ___________

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word.

Criminal Justice

_____________ is the most common correctional treatment

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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