Which of the following refers to an attitude scale that relies on ratings by judges of scale items?

a. Thurstone Scales
b. Likert Scales
c. Calvin Scales
d. Guttman Scales


a. Thurstone Scales

Criminal Justice

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Crime by government and other established interests is crime by those with _____

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Criminal Justice

Parole boards usually consider the crime, the length of time served, and the inmate's age, prior criminal history, abuse of alcohol or drugs, and institutional record. Some parole boards may request a recommendation from the prosecutor

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice

Identify which of the following is NOT part of the true cultural defense.

A. The person is a member of an ethnic or religious or other distinct groups. B. The behavior was required by the group’s cultural tradition. C. They were unaware that a reasonable person would be aware that the act violated U.S. domestic criminal law. D. Social interest in preventing the criminal behavior is outweighed by the interest in respecting and recognizing the individual’s cultural tradition.

Criminal Justice

Crimes committed in the jurisdictions of nonparticipating law enforcement agencies are not included in which of the following reports?

A. NIBRS B. NCVS C. UCR D. self-report surveys

Criminal Justice