A punisher is an aversive consequence that
a. weakens the behavior it follows.
b. is withheld to increase the probability of the response over time.
c. decreases the probability of shaping by successive approximations.
d. withholds negative reinforcers.
e. occurs on a consistent and predictable basis.
a. weakens the behavior it follows.
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Which substage of sensorimotor development serves as a transition to the symbolic thought of the next stage?
a. Tertiary circular reaction b. Secondary circular reaction c. Invention of new means through mental combinations d. Coordination of secondary schemes
Chapter 8 discusses the term "graded structure" in connection with the prototype theory of semantic memory. The best example of this term is
a. the observation that we frequently make spontaneous generalizations. b. the structure of our knowledge during the tip-of-the-tongue effect. c. the arrangement of words in a specific category, from most prototypical to least prototypical. d. the fact that the terms "concept" and "category" are related but somewhat different from each other.
Nelson has recently begun to feel that he has no control over his life. Which of the following is he most likely to do as a result?
A) denounce all religions as superstitions B) realize that feeling in control was actually stressful C) develop a negative affectivity D) develop superstitious explanations about why things happen
Mary Jane is pretending to fix lunch for everyone, feed the dog, put the cat out, and get ready to leave for work. She is involved in which type of play?
A) Sensorimotor B) Associative C) Parallel D) Sociodramatic