What general conclusion can we reach about making inferences during reading?
a. People are generally reluctant to make inferences unless they are convinced that the inference is justified.
b. People consistently make inferences, especially if they have relatively poor metacomprehension skills.
c. People often make inferences, especially if they have expertise in the topic.
d. People are generally reluctant to make inferences unless someone specifically urges them to do so.
Ans: c
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What can we conclude about the relationship between a person's age of acquisition of a second language and his or her mastery of grammar?
a. So far, no research has demonstrated a relationship between these two variables. b. Linguistically skilled individuals tend to master grammar better if they learn a second language during childhood; individuals with below-average skills tend to master grammar better if they learn a second language during adulthood. c. The results clearly support the critical period hypothesis, because people have greater mastery of grammar if they learn a second language during childhood. d. The results are complicated, because the answer depends on the match between the two languages, as well as the amount of education in the second language.
Which of the following is not a basic assumption of the social-cognitive approach??
a. ?All behavior, even if it looks bizarre, is meaningful to the person displaying it. b. ?Learned patterns of thought guide our behavior. c. ?Much of personality is learned through observing and interacting with others. d. ?Behavior is learned, in part, through classical and operant conditioning.
Celia, who is a college student, has always thought of herself as an environmental activist. Recently, she "inherited" a gas-guzzling car from her parents, which she has been driving around campus. To reduce the cognitive dissonance that she feels from these clashing images of herself, the environmental activist and the gas-guzzling car owner, she might say that "it is more important to support
the environmental movement politically than it is to worry about how a person gets to work or school," which illustrates the strategy of a. changing her attitude. b. changing the importance of the dissonant thoughts. c. changing her behavior. d. reducing the amount of her perceived choice.
Which of the following is an example of deindividuation?
a. Cyber-bullying in Internet chat rooms b. Cooperating children in Kindergarten c. Joining a sorority d. Volunteering for extra credit