A boy is teaching his younger sister how to make her bed. At first, he tells her she did a good job if she gets the bedspread pulled up, even if the sheets are still rumpled. Each following day,
he encourages her to be a little neater before telling her she did a good job. The boy may not know it, but he is using
a. secondary reinforcement.
b. primary reinforcement.
c. a fixed-interval schedule.
d. shaping by successive approximations.
Answer: d. shaping by successive approximations.
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Preventing learning is to ____ as suppressing a response is to ____
a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. operant conditioning; classical conditioning c. the red nucleus; the lateral interpositus nucleus d. the lateral interpositus nucleus; the red nucleus
Forced attitude changes that result from brainwashing
a. are relatively permanent, remaining for years after indoctrination. b. are temporary, with the individual reverting back to his or her original beliefs. c. occur only in individuals who have a high susceptibility to mental illness. d. occur only in individuals who are weak and easily influenced.
You come home from middle school one afternoon with a report card that boasts all A's. You can't wait to show your grandmother, who has recently been visiting from out of town. When you hand her the report card,
she has to hold it at arm's length in order to read it, because the lenses of her eyes are no longer able to accommodate to objects that are nearby. This eye condition, called __________, is very common on older people. a. cataract b. presbyopia c. presbycusis d. retinitis pigmentosa
Which of the following describes how people make predictable mistakes when trying to weigh outcomes and probabilities?
A. prospect theory B. rational economic thinking C. bounded rationality D. irrational economic thinking