Which situation represents a threat to internal validity in an experimental study measuring the effect of a videotape of discharge instructions for patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery?
a. Both men and women undergoing CABG surgery were included as subjects in the study.
b. Two new surgeons began performing CABG surgery during the study period.
c. Patients in the experimental group discussed aspects of the videotape with patients in the control group.
d. Data collection for the videotape and control groups took 1 year.
ANS: C
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A Including both genders would strengthen the design and would not threaten internal validity.
B Personnel factors like surgeons' newly performing the procedure should not directly affect the treatment and threaten internal validity.
C Sharing aspects of the videotape with control group members interferes with interpretation of the true effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable(s).
D Duration of data collection does not threaten internal validity, provided the control processes were standardized.
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