Electron transport is coupled to ATP synthesis in mitochondria, in chloroplasts, and in the thermophilic bacterium Methanococcus
Which of the following is likely to affect the coupling of electron transport to ATP synthesis in all of these systems?
(a) a potent inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase
(b) the removal of oxygen
(c) the absence of light
(d) an ADP analog that inhibits ATP synthase
(d) All chemiosmotic coupling systems involve a proton gradient that ATP synthase uses to bind to ADP and phosphorylate it. Hence, agents that prevent ADP from binding the synthase or that dissipate the proton gradient affect all chemiosmotic systems. Cytochrome c oxidase and oxygen are required only for mitochondria and aerobic bacteria (not Methanococcus); light is required only for chloroplasts and photosynthetic bacteria (not Methanococcus).
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Eukaryotic cell membranes use many sterol molecules for construction, which contrasts with archaeal membranes that utilize ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
A species of trilobite was found in the fossil record. At its first appearance, it is similar to an ancestor species but differs from the ancestor in several key characteristics. It seems to change little over several million years, then is extinct. This illustrates the concept of
A. punctuated equilibrium. B. gradualism. C. developmental evolution. D. anagenesis. E. evo-devo.
Which category of media can be described as containing nutrients that support the growth of the most nonfastidious organisms without giving any particular organism a growth advantage?
a. Enrichment b. Supportive c. Selective d. Differential
Based on your analyses, which food would have the lowest nutritional value, i.e. the lowest amount of biochemicals?
a. Liver b. Milk c. Apple