Discuss the etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD)
The etiology of PD remains unclear, but proposed contributing factors include genetics, environmental toxins, prions (protein malformations), oxidative stress, imbalance of neurotransmitters leading to excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of ability to reproduce dopamine-producing cells (including the loss that occurs with aging), abnormal inflammatory response within certain cells of the brain, improper response to dopamine within the brain, and increased rate of cell death. Twin and family studies indicate that genetics may certainly contribute to early-onset Parkinson's, but genetic testing is not currently routine and is used only in research settings. Over 16 mutations have been noted on multiple chromosomes that are linked to PD.
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What is the most popular beverage in the Caribbean?
a. fruit juice b. herbal teas c. coffee d. aqua fresca e. agua naturales
Intakes of supplemental vitamin C are restricted in patients with chronic renal failure to prevent ____
A) kidney stones B) scurvy C) colds D) hemochromatosis
Compare and contrast the common digestive problems of vomiting and diarrhea.
What will be an ideal response?
Which type of infant formula is compatible with extreme protein hypersensitivity?
A. soy-based B. cow milk-based C. extensively hydrolyzed protein D. amino acid-based E. partially hydrolyzed protein