Which of the following can be measured using direct measures?
a. Age, gender, height, and weight
b. Anxiety and coping
c. Opinions and feelings
d. Personality and hardiness
ANS: B
Direct measurement allows for measures of concrete factors, such as a person's height or wrist circumference.
Abstract factors, such as anxiety and coping, must be measured through indirect means, often using more than one indicator.
Psychological factors, such as opinions and feelings, are not concrete and cannot be measured directly.
Traits such as personality and hardiness are not concrete factors and cannot be measured directly.
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