Outline the four phases of attachment put forth by John Bowlby.
What will be an ideal response?
Phase 1: orientation and signals without discrimination (from birth to 3 months): The infant will respond to any person in his or her vicinity by orienting towards them, and by exhibiting such behavior as eye tracking, grasping and reaching, smiling and babbling.
Phase 2: orientation and signals directed towards one (or more) discriminated figure(s)
(circa 3 to 6 months): The infant begins to focus more attention on familiar rather than unfamiliar people.
Phase 3: maintenance of proximity to a discriminated figure by means of locomotion as well as signals (from 6 months to 3 years): The infant actively seeks to maintain contact with the mother or primary caregiver. The infant begins to follow a departing mother, greet her on her return, and use her as a base from which to explore . . . the friendly and rather undiscriminating responses to everyone else declines such that strangers become treated with increasing caution and are likely to evoke alarm and withdrawal.
Phase 4: formation of a goal-corrected partnership (3 years and older): By observing the behavior of the mother figure and what influences it, the child begins to gain insight into her feelings and motives. This understanding brings about a much more complex relationship between mother and child, which Bowlby calls ‘partnership’. During this phase the child increasingly tolerates separation from the mother figure and forms other close bonds.
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The authors suggested that counselor should __________ when engaging in boundary extensions with clients or former clients.
a. Be flexible b. Make black and white decision c. Use a “one size fits all” approach d. Be rigid
Minority students are more likely to have the following problem(s) prior to and while starting college:
a. minimal healthcare resources and poorer health when compared to Caucasian students. b. have intercourse and bear children; thus, childcare is an issue. c. Both A and B d. None of the above
The main focus of treatment interventions should generally be
a. gathering facts b. individuals in the client's life c. early childhood experience d. the client
A counselor is running a parents' group when the topic of spanking as a disciplinary technique is raised. What is the most accurate statement based on research that the counselor can offer?
a. Spanking is one of a variety of techniques that are effective in teaching prosocial skills to children. b. Spanking should be used with young children for potentially dangerous kinds of misbehavior like running across a street because it is the only thing they understand under the circumstances. c. Spanking is the best way to discipline young children but only when it is accompanied by a hug or some show of affection afterward. d. Spanking may gain immediate compliance, but it does not aid development of self-regulation and it may increases a child's aggressiveness.