In academic reading and writing, arguments can be defined as

a. civilized discussions in which people express different viewpoints about a topic.
b. emotional disagreements between people with opposing opinions.
c. current topics that are relevant to individuals, groups, and society.
d. controversial issues associated with negative connotations.


a. civilized discussions in which people express different viewpoints about a topic.

Language Arts & World Languages

You might also like to view...

Some lectures are too long.

Translate the following phrases and sentences into German. Be careful about the use of you and your – does the context indicate du, ihr or Sie?

Language Arts & World Languages

—Lasci la mancia alla cameriera? —Certo che__________ lascio.

Complete each sentence by replacing the direct and indirect objects with the correct combination of double-object pronouns.

Language Arts & World Languages

Will an asteroid ever strike the Earth? We see science fiction movies with suspenseful plots involving

asteroids coming directly toward the Earth. But the catastrophe is avoided, perhaps by deflecting the asteroid with a nuclear-tipped missile, making for sighs of relief and a happy ending. However, asteroids are not science fiction, and there is evidence that they have struck the Earth in the past. In fact, a popular theory relates the extinction of dinosaurs to an asteroid collision some 65 million years ago. Will future collisions occur? Although it is remote, the possibility does exist. We now even have a scale by which damage may be gauged in the event of an impact by an asteroid or comet—the Torino scale. It is sometimes referred to as the "Richter scale for asteroids." (The Richter scale is used to describe the severity of earthquakes.) The Torino scale was intended to serve as a communication tool for astronomers and the general public to assess the seriousness of close encounters or hits by asteroids and comets. An initial version of the scale was developed in 1995 by Professor Richard P. Bizel of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (M.I.T.). A revised version was presented at a 1999 international conference on Near-Earth Objects, or NEOs (Sun-orbiting asteroids and comets) held in Torino, Italy. This revised version was officially accepted by the conference, hence the name Torino scale. The Torino scale uses numbers and colors to express the estimated risk and damage of an asteroid or comet colliding with the Earth; the estimates are based on the NEO's collision probability1 and kinetic2 energy. A rating of 0 or 1 indicates a low probability of collision. A rating of 10 shows a high probability of collision, with global catastrophic effects. The vast majority of asteroids and comets fall in the 0 category, which (like a low number on the earthquake Richter scale) helps moderate the public's reaction to an asteroid report. In 1998, a false alarm of a possible asteroid encounter received considerable media coverage, raising public concern. With more observations and path calculations, the asteroid was given a 0 rating on the Torino scale, so there was no need for concern. When a new asteroid or comet is discovered, the predictions of the object's path months or years in the future are not too precise. Measurements of the object's orbit must be made over time for calculations that allow for greater certainty in predictions. Fortunately for us, the calculations for the vast majority of asteroids and comets show that there will not be a close approach to the Earth, so a Torino scale designation of category 0 is assigned. What a relief! A rating of 0 or 1 on the Torino scale indicates a. a high probability of collision. b. a low probability of collision. c. the size of the crater on impact. d. the force at which the collision will occur.

Language Arts & World Languages

DO la mesa

What will be an ideal response?

Language Arts & World Languages