Answer the following questions true (T) or false (F)

1. A direct ELISA is most useful for detection of antigens while an indirect ELISA is used to determine if a patient has a particular type of antibody in their blood.

2. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques can detect the presence as few as a single viral particle in a sample.

3. The CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system so far can only be used to alter prokaryotic cells.


1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE

Biology & Microbiology

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An evolutionary advantage of the endoskeleton is that it (choose all correct answer options):

A. allows growth of fairly large organisms. B. protects vital internal organs. C. provides a structure on which muscles can pull for an organism to move. D. makes the process of reproduction more efficient.

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A rhizome is a horizontal aboveground stem. Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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The salivating response to a bell is what Pavlov called a(n) unconditioned response. Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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In what way is proteobacterial photosynthesis different from plant photosynthesis?

a. Proteobacterial photosynthesis does not use a proton gradient. b. Proteobacterial photosynthesis does not consume CO2. c. Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor. d. Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses a different type of chlorophyll.

Biology & Microbiology