Extinction should only be implemented when:
a. it is unsafe to eliminate the reinforcer
b. punishment has been ineffective
c. the change agent controls the reinforcer
d. all of these
c
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At the start of the twentieth century in America, the fate of patients with mental illness __________.
A. was filled with hope and enlightened humanity B. was fraught with labels suggesting "tainted genes" and divine retribution C. inspired a belief that the mentally ill were incurable and should be executed or jailed for the rest of their lives D. was neither uniform nor entirely positive
Regarding anxiety disorders, which of the following statements is false?
a. Such disorders involve excessive anxiety that may interfere with normal functioning. b. Fear is a general feeling of anxiety or dread that is not specific to particular situations. c. Anxiety disorders are some of the most commonly experienced psychological disorders. d. Phobias are excessive or irrational fears of particular objects or situations. e. Anxiety is an adaptive response in some situations.
Ivar Lovaas conducted pioneering research on children with autism in which he was able to use _____ to significantly improve their language and social skills
a. psychoactive medications b. psychoanalysis c. reinforcement principles d. mirror therapy
Which of the following has been found to impair immune functioning in animals?
a. Shock b. Restraint c. Crowding d. All of these