Sergiovanni (2004) proposed viewing schools as communities rather than organizations. How does his research show the difference between the organization and the communities?
a. Communities does not create social lives with others
b. Organization may have a system of hierarchies, roles and expectations.
c. Communities rely more on norms, purposes, and values when confronted by external control.
d. Schools should not have viewed as communities rather than organizations.
C
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All of the answers contain true statements about older students who experience reading difficulties EXCEPT for one. Identify the answer that includes an INCORRECT statement.
A. Most older students will require intensive instruction in phonological awareness. B. Teaching older students with significant reading difficulties to read is not much different from teaching younger students. C. Phonics and other word-study practices should be taught using multisyllabic words. D. There is growing interest in the research and development of instructional materials to meet the needs of older students who are struggling readers.
Well-designed professional development programs help school districts
A. comply with the "highly qualified" requirement of federal law. B. weed out teachers who are not qualified for the job. C. identify teachers who are interested in leadership roles. D. decide which teachers deserve salary increases.
What type of test measures knowledge of a specific topic?
a. achievement test b. attitude test c. personality test d. projective test
In using casual conversations as a source of information for planning instruction and/or making a decision about a student, your own idiosyncrasies are likely to
a. enhance the validity of the result. b. reduce the validity of the result. c. ensure the reliability of the result.