Manning (2007) defines ______ as officers who make up the bulk of law enforcement.

a. patrol officers
b. middle managers
c. higher administrators
d. detectives and investigators


a. patrol officers

Criminal Justice

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The flow of information among officers at the same organizational level would be considered as an upward communication

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice

The amount and value of an item taken in robbery is immaterial, except that it must have some intrinsic legal value. Ownership of the property has no effect on the _________ of robbery as long as the property taken is not that of the perpetrator.

What will be an ideal response?

Criminal Justice

The backlash hypothesis suggests that violence against women is:

a. higher when women feel greater empowerment to assault their intimates. b. lower when women increase their economic equality and political power. c. higher when men feel threatened by women's growing equality compared to what men already have. d. lower for poorer women, and a normal part of cultural evolution.

Criminal Justice

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) does NOT collect victimization information about individuals:

A. living in apartments. B. who are aged 60. C. living in rural areas. D. who were kidnapped.

Criminal Justice