Compare and contrast the Atkinson–Shiffrin three-stage model with Baddeley’s rehearsal systems approach.

Question

What will be an ideal response?What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

The three-stage model was developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin. They contend there are three stages of storage of information: sensory register, short-term storage, and long-term storage. Sensory register is very brief (from 0.25 to 2 s) and consists of iconic, echoic memory, haptic, and other types of memory systems. The duration of sensory register relates to the type of sensory system being activated. For example, iconic memory lasts approximately .25 s, while echoic memory lasts approximately 2 s. Finally, it is not the exact duplicate of a stimulus. Short-term memory is thought to have five characteristics:
Very brief storage span (15–20 s).
The memories it contains are easily disrupted by new experiences.
Storage capacity is limited but you can use chunking to increase the amount stored.
Its main function is to organize and analyze information.
It has a rehearsal function.
Essentially, short-term memory takes information from sensory memory, and if specific attention has been paid to the item, organizes the information. Using elaborative rehearsal, it will ultimately send that memory into long-term memory. Long-term memory: Memory that is retained for prolonged periods of time. It contains various types of memories such as episodic and procedural. Baddeley’s rehearsal systems approach argues that while memories are retained in sensory systems, those memories are analyzed by a process called working memory. Baddeley contends there are two sensory systems for holding information for rehearsal and working memory: phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
Phonological loop:
Evolved to facilitate the acquisition of language.
Retains information in the verbal sensory system for a brief time (approximately 2 s).
Has two components: one for speech-based information and the other for subvocal speech.
Visuospatial sketchpad:
Allows people to acquire the appearance of objects and how to use objects.
Also allows for special orientation and geographical knowledge.
Acts to rehearse visual or spatial experiences by creating a mental image of the experience.
Both the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad are coordinated by a central executive which determines in which rehearsal system a specific event is placed.
Finally, there is an episodic buffer that combines separate elements into a coherent unitary whole and possesses the ability to bind bits of information together prior to storage in long-term memory.