Identify and describe two factors in each of the following areas that are related to the development of ADHD: genes and heredity, physiological, psychological, and family and environmental
What will be an ideal response?
• Genes and heredity – high heritability; 40-60% of children with ADHD have parents with ADHD; polygenic model – many genes are implicated in ADHD
• Physiological – portions of the brain are implicated (frontal lobes, anterior cingulated cortex, corpus callosum, temporal lobes, and striatal regions); neurotransmitters (dopamine and serotonin); atypical processing; pre- and postnatal complications and low birth weight; sleep disturbances
• Psychological – weaknesses in executive functioning such as vigilance, working memory, and planning; hot EF dysfunction and cool EF dysfunction; sluggish cognitive tempo; temperament, personality, and age are also factors
• Family and environmental – no link between family factors causing ADHD but may maintain or exacerbate ADHD; parental beliefs about ADHD can contribute to a destructive cycle of negative interpretations and blame as well as harsh parenting; maternal smoking, alcohol use, and exposure to stress; lead exposure
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a. valid measure b. theory c. correlation d. operational definition
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