Which of the following cytokines is mismatched?
A. Alpha interferon - prevents viral replication
B. Perforin - makes a hole in target cell membranes
C. TNF - activates macrophages and promotes fever
D. Interleukin 4 - plays a role in allergic reactions
E. Lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells
Answer: E
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The presence of HCG prevents the destruction of the ________, which secretes many of the hormones necessary to maintain the pregnancy for the first three months.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Which germ layer is the epidermis derived from?
A. ectoderm B. mesoderm C. endoderm
Considering the roles of estrogen and progesterone in the female reproductive cycle, how would fertility be affected if a woman had a hormonal disorder involving a constant high secretion of progesterone?
A. Fertility would be lower for the woman because progesterone directly inhibits sperm tail function. B. The woman could become pregnant very easily after sexual intercourse if ovulation occurs because progesterone makes the cervical mucus waterier and easily penetrable by sperm. C. The woman would have an easier time becoming pregnant because progesterone stimulates and controls ovulation, so the chances of fertilization at any point would be higher. D. Pregnancy would not be easily achieved because progesterone makes uterine and cervical secretions too harsh for sperm survival and movement.
HIV targets ________.
A. natural killer cells B. B cells C. helper T cells D. dendritic cells