The earliest theories of crime causation were:
a. Ecological
b. Demonological
c. Economic
d. Classical
b. Demonological
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Myron Orfield's study of police perjury revealed that ______ out of _______ prosecutors surveyed had knowledge of police perjury "at least some of the time."
A. Nine out of ten B. Five out of twelve C. Ten out of fifty D. None of the above
Since the _____, the concepts of handoff and frequency reuse allowed users to move between cells without dropping calls
a. 1960s b. 1970s c. 1980s d. 1990s
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Female offenders generally have high rates of prior childhood sexual abuse. 2. Currently, the United States incarcerates more women than any other country in the world. 3. The chivalry hypothesis contends that there is a bias in the criminal justice system against giving women harsh punishments. 4. Racial disparities have never existed among female correctional populations. 5. Kinship structures are a common aspect within female correctional institutions.
According to the National Academy of Science's research, one serious conceptual and empirical flaws in virtually all of the studies on the death penalty is
a. the exclusion of the possibility of clemency b. the inclusion of other punishments, such as prison terms c. failure to consider studies from other countries d. the exclusion of potential murderers' response to the risk of execution