Children who have successfully memorized multiplication tables have an easier time learning to perform the sequence of steps for long division. Which of the following is a likely explanation for this observation?
a) The have freed up working memory by means of automatic processing
b) They have increased their familiarity with the problem constraints.
c) They have developed a better algorithm for doing long division.
d) They are using a more effective heuristic in problem solving.
A
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Social learning theory proposes that gender typing results because
a. children are rewarded for "gender-appropriate" behavior and punished for "gender-inappropriate" behavior. b. children learn about gender through conversations with their peers. c. gender is a relevant schema in our culture. d. chromosomes and hormones inevitably lead to gender-consistent behavior.
Coalmine et al. (1991) observed participants in a clean or cluttered parking garage and found that participants were most likely to litter when they observed a confederate
a. litter in the cluttered garage. b. litter in the clean garage. c. place trash in the proper receptacle in a cluttered garage. d. place trash in the proper receptacle in a clean garage.
Freud's theory of personality has been criticized on a number of grounds, including:
A. it is too limited in scope B. its emphasis on psychological and social influences C. the difficulty in testing Freudian concepts D. its ability to interpret behavior
Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline
A. after WWII. B. after the 1964 Surgeon General's report. C. in 1980. D. about ten years ago.