DNA sequencing has transformed our understanding of genes, genomes and evolution. Which of the following statements comparing two common sequencing techniques, the chain termination method and next generation sequencing is TRUE?
A) The chain termination method is faster and more efficient, so it is used to generate large-scale sequences, while next generation synthesis is used for routine, small-scale jobs.
B) The chain termination method employs the polymerase chain reaction, but next generation sequencing does not.
C) In the chain termination method, the order of bases is detected by fluorescently labeling each dideoxy-nucleotide in a different color, while next generation sequencing determines the order of bases by detecting the release of PPi during the formation of the phosphodiester bond.
D) Next generation sequencing employs electrophoresis, but the chain termination method does not.
C
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Think about this description of the colonial aquatic cyanobacterium, Anabaena. What two questions below are important for understanding how nitrogen (N2 ) enters heterocysts, and how oxygen (O2 ) is kept out of heterocysts?
1. If carbohydrates can enter the heterocysts from neighboring cells via the "intracellular connections," how is it that O2 doesn't also enter via this route? 2. If the cell walls of Anabaena photosynthetic cells are permeable to O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2 ), are they also permeable to N2? 3. If the nuclei of the photosynthetic cells contain the genes that code for nitrogen fixation, how can these cells fail to perform nitrogen fixation? 4. If the nuclei of the heterocysts contain the genes that code for photosynthesis, how can these cells fail to perform photosynthesis? 5. If the cell walls of Anabaena heterocysts are permeable to N2, how is it that N2 doesn't diffuse out of the heterocysts before it can be fixed? 6. If the thick cell walls of Anabaena heterocysts exclude entry of oxygen gas, how is it that they don't also exclude the entry of nitrogen gas? A) 1 and 3 B) 1 and 6 C) 2 and 5 D) 4 and 6
Humans are both ________
A) heterotrophs and consumers B) heterotrophs and producers C) producers and decomposers D) autotrophs and producers
Dermatophytes, which live on the surface of the skin, are always pathogenic.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
The major defining characteristics of arthropods are (select all that apply)
A. their jointed legs. B. the chitin that forms their exoskeleton. C. their complex mouthparts. D. their trochophore larvae. E. metamorphosis.