Please explain in your own words the difference between optimism and pessimism.
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: Pessimism is the general belief in negative or unsuccessful outcomes. Optimism is the general belief in positive or successful outcomes.
Learning Objective: 13-1: Identify areas of change that require adjustment and coping in individuals.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Identifying “Helpful” Personality Traits
Difficulty Level: Easy
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Dave was driving down the highway when he saw something up ahead in the road. At first he thought it was an animal, but it turned out to be a ladder. Dave’s initial perception of the animal is most likely due to ____
a. ?bottom-up perceptual processing b. ?top-down perceptual processing c. ?closure d. ?good-continuation
Concerning the cultural differences in self-esteem, Americans tend to emphasize individual accomplishments, while the Chinese tend to emphasize group accomplishments
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
"Because the target response is followed by a reinforcer, its probability or rate increases." What does this statement describe?
a) training in operant conditioning b) training in classical conditioning c) extinction in operant conditioning d) extinction in classical conditioning
Why did so many researchers make one individual, Henry Molaison, the subject of their research?
A. He was unusually insightful in how he described his thought processes, so he became the focus of many case studies. B. Molaison had incredibly fast reflexes, which made him one of a kind. C. He was so neurotypical in his responses that scientists could study just him instead of hundreds of other people. D. Molaison had an unusual illness that caused him to undergo risky surgery, so there were few other subjects like him.