Describe the structural factors that affect social mobility.
What will be an ideal response?
Answers will vary. Macro-level variables, over which people have little or no control, affect social mobility in several ways. First, changes in the economy spur upward or downward mobility. During an economic boom, the number of jobs increases, and many people have an opportunity to move up. During recessions, such as the Great Recession, long-term unemployment leads to downward mobility. Second, government policies and programs affect social mobility. Unlike the United States, countries that have promoted equality (e.g., Canada, Denmark, Finland, and Norway) have the highest upward mobility rates. Third, immigration fuels upward mobility. Because many recent immigrants take low-paying jobs, groups that are already in a country move into higher-paying occupations.
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The shift from local business to large-scale manufacturing during the last half of the nineteenth century saw a concomitant increase in government restriction of business
a. true b. false
Participant A took a math test alone in a room and scored a 97 percent. The same participant took the same math test in a room on a stage with an audience watching, and scored an 83 percent. Which of the following factors is most likely in play?
a. participant bias b. triangulation c. the Hawthorne Effect d. quasi experimentation
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of gentrification?
a. Lower income residents and merchants are pushed out. b. Older communities are rebuilt. c. Property values increase. d. The standard of living of the poor is improved.
Which of the following concepts refers to the average life span of a country's population?
A. longevity B. life expectancy C. life course D. age cohort