The nurse realizes that a patient is experiencing paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) when which symptoms are reported? Note: Credit will be given only if all correct choices and no incorrect choices are selected. Select all that apply
1. Symptoms occurring at night
2. Pulmonary congestion while lying down
3. Improving cardiac reserve
4. Voiding more than once at night
5. Attacks occurring suddenly
1,2,5
Rationale 1: PND is a condition in which the patient is awakened at night and frightened by acute shortness of breath. It occurs when edema fluid that has accumulated during the day is reabsorbed into the circulation at night, causing pulmonary congestion.
Rationale 2: PND is a condition in which the patient is awakened by acute shortness of breath, usually after several hours of sleep. It occurs when edema fluid that has accumulated during the day is reabsorbed into the circulation at night, causing pulmonary congestion.
Rationale 3: Chronic heart failure is characterized by decreasing cardiac reserve and dependent edema that worsens as the day progresses.
Rationale 4: Nocturia is the term for this condition, and it is not associated with PND.
Rationale 5: Attacks of PND occur suddenly.
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