Iconoclasm meant
a. a prohibition against false worship.
b. an Islamic law forbidding artistic representations of the human form.
c. a ruling that forbade the use of icons in religious settings.
d. the reliance on icons, as argued by Monophysites, who emphasized the physical form.
e. None of these.
c
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All of the following were complaints of King Affonso I to the King of Portugal,except
a. mining operations in defiance of monopoly agreements. b. fraud by Portuguese merchants. c. depopulation due to slave trading. d. circumvention of his royal authority.
Why were partnerships formed in the late medieval period?
A) Partnerships were formed to avoid bankruptcy in the event of a defaulted transaction. B) Large-scale financial businesses required a pooling of capital and managerial talents, therefore, merchants or family members often formed partnerships to accommodate this. C) Partnerships were formed to create a monopoly and control over various trading ports in Europe. D) Partnerships were formed out of arranged marriages for the purposes of conducting international business. E) Large-scale businesses involved in international trade required a contact at the other end, thus, partnerships were formed.
How did Justinian keep the Slavs from attacking while he was concentrating on reunifying the Western Empire?
A. He allied with them to attack the Persians instead. B. He paid them protection money. C. He built expensive fortifications on the border. D. He promised them free holdings on the Black Sea. E. He demanded their cooperation as a Christian nation.
The aftermath of the Black Death brought all of the following changes to the European economy except
A) a shift of trade and manufacture from Italy to northern Europe. B) new entrepreneurial opportunities in a fundamentally conservative society. C) a permanent improvement in the economic status of women. D) the emergence of Poland and eastern Germany as major grain exporters. E) Italian bankers faced competition from bankers in northern Europe.