The belief that complex processes must be explained in terms of more elementary processes is known as
A) atomism.
B) reductionism.
C) elementarism.
D) basicalism.
Answer: B
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Which statement best describes an element of the developmental pathways model?
a. Different developmental pathways can lead to the same outcome. b. Change is only possible during one specific point of development. c. A particular pathway can lead only in one direction. d. The line between normal and abnormal behavior is clear and absolute.
Specific therapeutic tasks clients perform in their everyday environments are called
a. homework assignments. b. booster sessions. c. maintenance treatments. d. therapeutic practice.
Thorndike is to ____ as Skinner is to ____
a. ?classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. ?the law of effect; operant conditioning c. ?observational learning; latent learning d. ?operant conditioning; classical conditioning
With respect to the tendency to label people as a result of test outcomes, the authors of the textbook believe that labels often lead to
a. thinking of the "normality" of individual children rather than the educational systems that created the conditions. b. blaming the society for failure, rather than the individual being labeled. c. putting the spotlight on dysfunctional aspects of the environment rather than on deviant personalities. d. lowering people's sense of self-efficacy and encouraging an unwillingness to tackle challenges.