The pediatric oncology nurse is caring for a 5-year-old child newly diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). How should the nurse respond when the parent asks about the prognosis of this disease?
A) "Five-year-old children fare better than infants or teens."
B) "Male children tend to have a better prognosis than females."
C) "African American children have a slightly higher survival rate than Caucasian children."
D) "Children with a white blood cell count below 50,000/µL have a poorer prognosis."
A) "Five-year-old children fare better than infants or teens."
Explanation: A) The prognostic variables for childhood ALL include (1) age at diagnosis, children between the ages of 1 and 9 years faring better than infants or older children; (2) white blood cell count at diagnosis, as counts above 50,000/mL are indicative of a poorer prognosis; (3) central nervous system (CNS) status at diagnosis, CNS involvement signifying greater risk for relapse; (4) gender, girls faring better than boys (although this is not evident in all studies); and (5) race, survival rates for Caucasian children being slightly higher than those for African American and Hispanic children.
B) The prognostic variables for childhood ALL include (1) age at diagnosis, children between the ages of 1 and 9 years faring better than infants or older children; (2) white blood cell count at diagnosis, as counts above 50,000/mL are indicative of a poorer prognosis; (3) central nervous system (CNS) status at diagnosis, CNS involvement signifying greater risk for relapse; (4) gender, girls faring better than boys (although this is not evident in all studies); and (5) race, survival rates for Caucasian children being slightly higher than those for African American and Hispanic children.
C) The prognostic variables for childhood ALL include (1) age at diagnosis, children between the ages of 1 and 9 years faring better than infants or older children; (2) white blood cell count at diagnosis, as counts above 50,000/mL are indicative of a poorer prognosis; (3) central nervous system (CNS) status at diagnosis, CNS involvement signifying greater risk for relapse; (4) gender, girls faring better than boys (although this is not evident in all studies); and (5) race, survival rates for Caucasian children being slightly higher than those for African American and Hispanic children.
D) The prognostic variables for childhood ALL include (1) age at diagnosis, children between the ages of 1 and 9 years faring better than infants or older children; (2) white blood cell count at diagnosis, as counts above 50,000/mL are indicative of a poorer prognosis; (3) central nervous system (CNS) status at diagnosis, CNS involvement signifying greater risk for relapse; (4) gender, girls faring better than boys (although this is not evident in all studies); and (5) race, survival rates for Caucasian children being slightly higher than those for African American and Hispanic children.
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