Reinforcement theories of drug use and abuse focus:
A. entirely on positive reinforcement.
B. entirely on negative reinforcement.
C. on both positive and negative reinforcement.
D. neither on positive nor on negative reinforcement.
E. none of the above.
Answer: C
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From a second-order cybernetics perspective, mistakes are considered to be:
a. Unacceptable b. Transference c. Counter-transference d. Therapeutic opportunities
If each professional organization developed specific guidelines pertaining to students' successful completion of a program, faculty in training programs: a. would not have to work as hard to help students understand the material. b. would then have the backing of their professional association in determining the evaluation procedures to beused when decisions regarding retaining or dismissing
students are made. c. would have the correct information needed to train students to become therapists. d. would be able to give the students the guidelines to study without training them.
What differences of opinion existed among the DHS Unit staff? What concerns motivated these differences?
Nathan Bierwirth, BSW, worked as an employment counselor for Pathfinders Social Services, a nonprofit agency serving the Minneapolis metropolitan area. Pathfinders provided employment services for people leaving welfare, persons with disabilities, the homeless, and immigrants, refugees, and asylees. Part of Nathan’s caseload consisted of newly arrived refugees enrolled in Minnesota’s time-limited Refugee Cash Assistance–Employment Services (RCA-ES) program. Individualized Employment Plans (EPs) helped refugees transition from welfare to employment and self-sufficiency. EPs required a minimum of 35 hours per week of RCA-ES–approved activities, including employment services and formal education (limited to 20 hours per week). Nathan’s client, Ayana Tuma, a refugee from Ethiopia, had no educational or work experience and knew no English. This prevented her from effectively participating in employment service classes, so she enrolled in a full-time English as a Second Language (ESL) program. When Hennepin County audited Pathfinders, clients like Ayana, who exceeded the 20 hour instruction limit, could be sanctioned and even terminated from the program. As the audit approached, Nathan wondered if he should report Ayana’s ESL hours accurately or falsify her Employment Plan.
Superficial change in a system which itself stays invariant is termed ____________, while basic change in the structure of a system is called ___________
a. cybernetic; second-order b. first-order; systemic c. second-order; first-order d. first-order; second-order