Which of the following are potential causes of cardiac murmurs? 1. Backflow of blood through an incompetent valve 2. Forward flow through a stenotic valve 3. Rapid flow through a normal valve

a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1 and 3 only


ANS: C
Murmurs are created by the following: (1) a backflow of blood through an incompetent valve, (2) a forward flow of blood through a stenotic valve, and (3) a rapid flow of blood through a normal valve.

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