Since the mid-18th century, outside influences have increasingly affected the patterns of village life. Discuss three impacts of western influence on village life


European colonialism brought significant economic changes, including the introduction of cash crops and modern facilities to ship them. Improved and expanded irrigation, financed initially with capital from the West, brought more land under cultivation. Recent agents of change have been the countries' own government- supported doctors, teachers, and land reform officers. Modern technologies such as motor vehicles, gasoline-powered water pumps, radio, television, and—most recently—the Internet and cell phones have modified old patterns of living. The educated and ambitious, as well as the unskilled and desperately poor—motivated, respectively, by pull and push factors—have migrated to urban areas. Improved roads and communications have in turn carried urban influences to villages, prompting villagers to become more integrated into the national society.

Environmental & Atmospheric Sciences

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