Overgrazing and desertification in Africa result in dust storms that affect the Caribbean by ________
a. causing skin diseases
b. all of the choices
c. infecting sea fans and corals
d. causing asthma attacks
b
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The degree of relatedness of two members of a pedigree is calculated using _____
A. The calculation of average heterozygosity B. The Hardy-Weinberg rule C. The coefficient of inbreeding D. The chi-square test
What was the first mammal cloned from an adult differentiated cell?
a. a sheep b. a dog c. a cow d. a cat e. a mouse
Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?
A. Upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time. B. Cells die at increasingly greater rates. C. Only older cells die in a culture. D. Cells in a culture die at a constant rate. E. Cells become metabolically inactive but are never killed.
In 1971, Dr Judah Folkman published the "angiogenic hypothesis" suggesting that a tumor cannot grow beyond 1–2 millimeters without the development (angiogenesis) of new blood vessels that provide access to oxygen and nutrients
During the 1990s, it was discovered that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates the proliferation and migration of the cells that form blood vessels, leading to the formation of new blood vessels. VEGF binds to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface and causes the RTKs to dimerize and become active, thereby initiating an intracellular signaling cascade that stimulates cell division and inhibits apoptosis. Many cancer cells secrete high levels of VEGF. Increased VEGF expression in a tumor is correlated with a poor medical outcome for the patient. Some evidence suggests that blocking VEGF-dependent signaling may prevent the formation of new blood vessels and lead to the death of immature blood vessels without disturbing mature blood vessels. You work for a biotechnology company that seeks to create anticancer drugs that prevent the growth of tumors and/or cause tumors to shrink, while leaving normal cells relatively untouched. After learning about VEGF, you have a bright idea for a new mechanism of action for a potential anticancer drug. What is your idea?