As a researcher engaging in participant observation, field notes should not include just what was observed or heard. Other necessary notes should also include how a researcher felt in a certain situation. For instance, imagine you are observing police officers while they are on duty and there is an incident in which you became scared. Jotting down that you felt frightened is important because it may help provide a foundation to understand or explain the likelihood of ______ to some salient features of the situation.

A. bias
B. confusion
C. concern
D. reliability


Answer: A

Criminal Justice

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In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court hold that the use of force by prison officials violates the Eight Amendment if it inflicts "unnecessary and wanton" pain?

A. Wolff v. McDonnell (1974) B. Cooper v. Pate (1964) C. Hudson v. McMillan (1992) D. Whitley v. Albers (1986)

Criminal Justice

According to routine activity theory, crime is a normal function of modern living

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice

Which type of remedy requires one party to perform certain acts or refrain from certain actions?

A) Monetary damages B) Judicial discretion C) Habeas corpus D) Injunctive relief

Criminal Justice

With presumptive sentencing grids, judges are obligated to use guidelines from which they may not deviate without providing written reasons as to why they have chosen to do so

a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice