The perinatal nurse explains to a student the different mechanisms by which substances are transported across the placenta. Which mechanisms are included? (Select all that apply.)
A.
Active diffusion
B.
Bulk flow
C.
Endocytosis
D.
Osmosis
E.
Pinocytosis
ANS: A, B, C, E
Several mechanisms exist to transport substances across the placenta. These include passive or simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active diffusion, pinocytosis, endocytosis, bulk flow, accidental capillary breaks, and independent movement.
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