Moderate rises in pleural pressure during positive-pressure ventilation have a minimal effect on cardiac output in normal subjects. What are some reasons for this lack of effect?
1. Compensatory dilation of the large arteries
2. Compensatory increase in venomotor tone
3. Compensatory increase in the cardiac rate
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1 and 3 only
ANS: A
Compensatory mechanisms used to counter the decrease in stroke volume include an increased heart rate, an increase in systemic vascular and peripheral venous resistance, and shunting of blood away from the kidneys and lower extremities, which results in a consistent blood pressure.
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Mr. Johnson is overweight and admits that he rarely gets any exercise. He smokes, even though the physician warned him to stop smoking after he had a myocardial infarction four years ago. He is in the office today complaining that he just doesn't feel well. He is experiencing nausea and is a little dizzy. You notice that his feet ankles seem swollen and his neck veins are prominent. For which of the following conditions might you expect the physician to test?
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Intentional torts
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Dental film emulsion is about 90 to 99 percent silver bromide and 1 to 10 percent silver iodide
Indicate whether the statement is true or false