A nursing instructor asks a student to identify the early signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock. Which response by the student would indicate to the instructor that further teaching is needed? (Select all that apply.)
a. Tachycardia d. Skin cool to touch
b. Tachypnea e. Cyanosis with cold, clammy skin
c. Hypotension f. Urinary output less than 30 mL per hour
C, E, F
The instructor would recognize that further teaching is needed if the student responded hypotension; cyanosis with cold, clammy skin; and urinary output less than 30 mL per hour. These are late signs of hypovolemic shock. The early signs of hypovolemic shock include: tachycardia; tachypnea; skin cool to touch; weak peripheral pulses; and pale skin and mucous membranes.
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