Describe how a low-pass filter works.
What will be an ideal response?
A low-pass filter consists of a capacitor and a resistor in series. The input voltage is applied across both capacitor and resistor. The output is taken from across the capacitor. At low frequencies, the capacitive reactance is higher than the resistance, so most of the voltage is dropped across the capacitor. Therefore, most of the voltage appears across the output. As the input frequency increases, the capacitive reactance decreases, and less voltage is dropped across the capacitor. Therefore, more voltage is dropped across the resistor, with a decrease in the output voltage. The cut-off is gradual. Frequencies above the cut-off point pass with a gradual attenuation in the output voltage.
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