Which of the following stages in the development of a psychologically healthy Black identity, proposed by William Cross, includes three identity clusters?
a. The encounter stage
c. The pre-encounter stage
b. The immersion-emersion stage
d. The internalization stage
ANS: C
FEEDBACK: The pre-encounter stage in the development of a psychologically healthy Black identity includes three identity clusters. The pre-encounter assimilation identity contains little racial awareness or racial identity. The pre-encounter miseducation identity internalizes negative stereotypes about being Black. The pre-encounter self-hatred identity involves holding highly negative views about Blacks, resulting in anti-Black and self-hating attitudes.
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