Are restorative justice methods effective, and if so, how are they measured to determine their overall effectiveness?
What will be an ideal response?
Measures of restorative justice include victim satisfaction with the outcome/process, payment of restitution, and cost savings. Restorative justice is most welcomed by victims of property crimes because the victim is more likely to be compensated for property losses. In traditional criminal justice, the victim is rarely compensated. When given a choice between compensation and incarceration, 75% of respondents to a study conducted in Minnesota indicated that they would rather be compensated for a property crime than demand that the offender be incarcerated (Umbreit, 1999). Evaluations of restorative justice techniques involving juvenile offenders determined that they were able to reduce recidivism of program participants compared to juveniles going through the traditional courts for similar offenses. Restorative justice techniques for adult offenders in Canada and New Zealand were less successful in recidivism reduction (Aos, Miller, & Drake, 2006).
Restorative justice is still attempting to overcome challenges with community education and public opinion. Any time the community plays a role, it introduces the unpredictability of public opinion, which can vary widely. Community members may be undereducated about the nature of the crime and may even blame the victim. The offender may take advantage of this by minimizing the harmful behavior. The involvement of family and friends of both the victim and offender, particularly when the victim and offender know each other, can be difficult if the family seems more supportive or even approves of the offender's behavior (Daly and Stubbs, 2006). Finally, some victims' groups are opposed to restorative justice initiatives because some find them to be centered around offenders, and others find them offensive because reintegrative shaming is used over retribution and stigmatization. Some victims are not able to communicate or be an advocate on their own. This may exert too much pressure on some victims. The greatest challenge victims pose to restorative justice is indifference. Restorative justice sanctions are primarily economic in nature (paying back losses) and labor intensive (bettering the community).
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Were Smith's due process rights violated when his probation officer added a condition of probation without a hearing and counsel?
In 1995 Smith pled guilty to second degree burglary and third degree sexual assault in one case and to a violation of probation in the second case, based on the underlying offenses of being possession of narcotics with intent to sell and interfering with an officer. He was sentenced to a minimum term of four years imprisonment, followed by five years probation. The original conditions of the defendant's probation included no contact with the victim, compliance with a standing criminal restraining order, substance abuse evaluation, and "treatment as deemed appropriate." While Smith was incarcerated, his probation officer modified his probation to include participation in a sex offender treatment program and Smith signed a copy of the amended condition. After release, Smith's probation was revoked and he was reincarcerated for twice showing up late for his sex offender therapy sessions. What will be an ideal response?
What is a Criminal Law?
What will be an ideal response?
The elements of the __________ two-pronged test are important considerations in determining the existence of probable cause based on informant testimony
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
One guideline for managers to institute group decision-making is to separate idea generation and idea evaluation.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)