What is the difference between a cross-sectional and longitudinal research design?
What will be an ideal response?
Nonexperimental research designs can be either cross-sectional or longitudinal. In a cross-sectional research design, all data are collected at one point in time. Identifying the time order of effects—what happened first, second, and so on—is critical for developing a causal analysis but can be an insurmountable problem with a cross-sectional design. In longitudinal research designs, data are collected at two or more points in time, so identification of the time order of effects can be quite straightforward. You can think of an experiment as a type of longitudinal design because subjects are often observed at two or more points in time.
Much of the research you have encountered so far in this text has been cross-sectional. Although each survey and interview takes some time to carry out, if it measures the actions, attitudes, and characteristics of respondents at only one time, it is considered cross-sectional. The name comes from the idea that a snapshot from a cross-section of the population is obtained at one point in time.
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The most secure credit cards feature a magnetic-stripe
a. True b. False
All of the following are exceptions to the use of leading questions except:
A. with respect to any witness under the age of 18. B. when laying a necessary foundation under certain circumstances. C. with respect to an adult witness with communication problems. D. with respect to undisputed preliminary or inconsequential matters.
Following the National Response Plan, which of the following is a temporary entity, only created and called on when necessary?
What will be an ideal response?
Define intelligence-led policing (ILP). What does ILP involve? What is your view of ILP?
What will be an ideal response?