What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
c. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.--
d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.
a
You might also like to view...
Income level strongly influences voting patterns in the United States
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
When a person fails to perform a contractual obligation, they commit a tortious act
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
A pattern related to globalization that carries great implications for public administration is
a. decentralization. b. concentration of wealth. c. diffusion of economic development. d. increasing nationalism.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. In majoritarian systems, candidates must win 50% plus 1 of the votes to be elected. 2. Democratic regimes have no problems with stimulating and channeling participation. 3. Formal legal mechanisms that translate votes into control over political offices and shares of votes are called electoral systems. 4. A system in which each geographical district elects a single representative to a legislature is called proportional representation.