Explain how a chemical odorant is transduced into a neural signal
What will be an ideal response?
Odorants reach receptors in the cilia of olfactory neurons. The binding of an odorant activates a G-protein which then detaches from the receptor. The G-protein activates an enzyme, adenylate cyclase, to convert ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP). Finally, cAMP opens ions channels that allow sodium and calcium ions to enter the cell, depolarizing the membrane. Depolarization that reaches threshold at the axon hillock triggers an action potential and transduction has been achieved.
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Excessive alcohol intake can cause difficulty maintaining posture and coordinating body movements. This is likely due to alcohol's effect stimulatory effect on GABA-releasing neurons in the
A. medulla oblongata. B. cerebellum. C. diencephalon. D. cerebrum. E. eyes.
Pads of ________ are often found around the edges of diarthrotic joints to provide protection for the articular cartilages.
A) connective tissue B) hyaline cartilage C) synovial fluid D) fibrocartilage E) adipose tissue
In an autoimmune disease, the immune response is directed toward
A) all antibodies. B) cells of the body ("self"). C) all antigens. D) foreign cells.
The hormones that maintain the uterine wall during the last 5 to 6 months of pregnancy
are A) placental lactogen and relaxin. B) FSH and LH. C) human chorionic gonadotropin and synthetic estrogen. D) placental estrogen and progesterone.