List and describe the five environmental systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory. Explain how the systems relate to each other.
What will be an ideal response?
Bronfenbrenner holds that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems: microsystem; mesosystem; exosystem; macrosystem; and chronosystem. The microsystem is the setting in which a person lives. For adolescents the microsystem is made up of family, peers, school, and neighborhood. The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems. The exosystem consists of links between a social setting in which a person does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context. For example, things that happen at a mother's or a father's workplace may have an indirect effect on the adolescent. The macrosystem involves the cultures in which adolescents live.
Finally, the chronosystem consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances. Each of these systems may overlap one another.
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a. Instrumental c. Active b. Expressive d. Aggressive
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a. extroversion b. neuroticism c. agreeableness d. openness to experience