Which theory or concept does a psychiatric nurse consider to be most closely aligned with Erikson's developmental theory?
1. Freud's psychosexual stages
2. Freud's behaviorist concepts
3. Sullivan's stages of interpersonal development
4. Maslow's theory of self-actualization and hierarchy of needs
Answer: 3
Explanation: Like Erikson, Sullivan believed that learning and development occur across the life span and that individuals can relearn tasks previously unaccomplished at earlier stages of life. Freud believed all developmental tasks were accomplished by a certain age, and tasks that remained unaccomplished resulted in fixation and caused lifelong psychiatric problems. Freud did not develop behaviorist concepts; furthermore, behaviorist concepts do not account for developmental tasks. Maslow proposed an order of basic human needs that were not linked to developmental stages or tasks. According to Maslow, physiologic needs must be met before higher-level needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization.
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ANS: