According to Gardner (1980), around the age of seven:
a. free graphic expression is replaced with a determination to achieve realism. b. children search for literal meaning rather than metaphors.
c. children's drawings exhibit a strong command of form and considerable beauty.
d. children ceaselessly create and re-create representations of objects, often recognizable to others.
ANSWER: a
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Learning or practicing information or operations to the point where they can be used with little mental effort is referred to as:
a. encoding. b. retrieval. c. automaticity. d. perception.
______ and ______ are other-condemning emotions.
A. Embarrassment/guilt B. Shame/fear C. Anger/disgust D. Sympathy/compassion
Ian tends to be very shy about participating in class discussions. You decide to try to promote greater participation in class discussion by first smiling encouragingly at him when he merely looks interested in saying something, then smiling at him when he raises his hand, and then praising him when he actually makes a contribution. The technique you are using is referred to as
a. spontaneous recovery. b. shaping. c. extinction. d. positive reinforcement.
In cultures that value collectivism individuals are defined by their __________.
A. their individual accomplishments B. their personal achievement goals C. their focus on self-determination D. the groups to which they belong