A client comes to the clinic complaining of severe menstrual cramps. She has never been pregnant, has been diagnosed with ovarian cysts, and has had an intrauterine device (IUD) for 2 years. What is the most likely reason for this client's complaint?
1. Menorrhagia
2. Hypermenorrhea
3. Primary dysmenorrhea
4. Secondary dysmenorrhea
4
Explanation:
1. Menorrhagia is excessive, profuse flow.
2. Hypermenorrhea is an abnormally long menstrual flow.
3. Primary dysmenorrhea is defined as cramps without underlying disease.
4. Secondary dysmenorrhea is associated with pathology of the reproductive tract and usually appears after menstruation has been established. Conditions that most frequently cause secondary dysmenorrhea include ovarian cysts and the presence of an intrauterine device.
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