The nurse correctly recognizes that esophageal cancer is associated with which risk factor(s)? (select all that apply.)
a. Cigarette smoking
b. Diabetes
c. Hypertension
d. Heavy alcohol use
e. Smokeless tobacco
A, D, E
Cigarette smoking is a major cause of esophageal cancer in the United States. When combined with heavy alcohol consumption, the risk for esophageal cancer greatly increases. Both sub-stances are irritants to the mucosa of the esophagus. Smokeless tobacco is also associated with esophageal cancer. Diabetes and hypertension do not increase the risk of developing esophageal cancer.
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What will be an ideal response?
The mother of a toddler is frustrated because the toddler insists on brushing his own teeth and being left alone in the bathtub. What advice should the nurse provide to the mother about these expectations?
A) Helping with toothbrushing encourages autonomy. B) It is unusual for a 2-year-old to have such strong opinions. C) The mother should continue to give full care in all aspects. D) Leaving alone in the bathtub is a good way to encourage autonomy.
A student is following current recommendations for assessing tube placement. A staff nurse says, "Oh, just insert air and listen for a 'whoosh' sound." How would the student respond?
A) "Thank you. That would be much easier for me to do." B) "That procedure has been found to be unreliable." C) "My instructor told me to do it this way, so I will." D) "I appreciate your advice. Let me ask the patient."
The 80-year-old man complains that when he goes to bed and cannot fall asleep, he tosses and turns and gets so frustrated that he gets up and drinks coffee all night. The nurse suggests that when he hasn't fallen asleep after 30 minutes, he should:
a. take two tablets of a sedative medication. b. get up and do a mild stretching exercise for 15 minutes. c. remain in bed with his eyes closed. d. get up and read until he feels sleepy and then return to bed.