One day, in the midst of his babbling, baby Chad uttered the sound "mama" in the presence of his mother. Chad's mother screamed in delight. This noise startled baby Chad; he stopped uttering that sound for quite some time, illustrating the effects of:
A) positive reinforcement.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) negative punishment.
C) positive punishment.
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Which of the following statements is true?
a. Bullies are usually social misfits. b. Females tend to bully through relational aggression, males through physical aggression. c. Bullying tends to be a dyadic process (involving the bully and a victim) rather than a group-level process. d. Bullying is usually retribution for some previous harm done by the victim to the bully. e. Bullying is now considered to be a relatively normal conflict stage that most children pass through without any negative consequences.
One factor that minimizes groupthink is the presence of a strong-minded leader who makes his or her preferences known before the discussion.
a. True b. False
When Bill looks at his lamp alternately with his left eye and right eye, the image seems to jump from one position to another. This phenomenon illustrates __________
a) the Gestalt principle of similarity. b) binocular disparity. c) interposition. d) the Gestalt principle of proximity.
Critics of IQ tests claim that the only thing they really measure is ________
a. test-taking ability b. verbal skills c. educational level d. creativity