Physiological effects of adding a volume-limited inflation hold to mandatory breaths include which of the following?
1. Decreased PaCO2
2. Increased inspiratory time
3. Decreased VD/VT
4. Longer expiratory times
a. 2 and 4 only
b. 1, 2, 3, and 4
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, and 3 only
ANS: D
By momentarily maintaining lung volume under conditions of no flow, an inflation hold allows additional time for gas redistribution between lung units with different time constants. In both animal and human studies, increasing the length of an inflation hold decreases the VD/VT, PaCO2, and inert gas washout time. Adding an inflation hold effectively increases total inspiratory time, thereby shortening the time available for exhalation.
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